Python : Tkinter
Python : Tkinter
Ce qui va suivre est entièrement issu de http://apprendre-python.com/page-tkinter-interface-graphique-python-tutoriel
Je ne l'ai mis ici que pour référence rapide
Python 2, python 3
Les modules ne sont pas les mêmes suivant votre version de python. Si le message suivant apparaît lors de l'exécution de votre script:
ImportError: No module named 'Tkinter'
C'est que le module appelé n'est pas le bon par rapport à votre version python.
'''Python 2''' '''Python 3''' Tkinter → tkinter Tix → tkinter.tix ttk → tkinter.ttk tkMessageBox → tkinter.messagebox tkColorChooser → tkinter.colorchooser tkFileDialog → tkinter.filedialog tkCommonDialog → tkinter.commondialog tkSimpleDialog → tkinter.simpledialog tkFont → tkinter.font Tkdnd → tkinter.dnd ScrolledText → tkinter.scrolledtext
Hello world
Voici le code de votre premier hello world
<span class="c1"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkinter</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">fenetre</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Tk</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Hello World"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mainloop</span><span class="p">()</span>
Une fenêtre comme celle-ci devrait apparaître:
http://apprendre-python.com/images/hello-world.png
Les widget Tkinter
Pour créer un logiciel graphique vous devez ajouter dans une fenêtre des éléments graphiques que l'on nomme widget. Ce widget peut être tout aussi bien une liste déroulante que du texte.
Les boutons
Les boutons permettent de proposer une action à l'utilisateur. Dans l'exemple ci-dessous, on lui propose de fermer la fenêtre.
<span class="c1"># bouton de sortie</span> <span class="n">bouton</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Fermer"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quit</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">bouton</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-button.png
Les labels
Les labels sont des espaces prévus pour écrire du texte. Les labels servent souvent à décrire un widget comme un input
<span class="c1"># label</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Texte par défaut"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"yellow"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-label.png
Entrée / input
<span class="c1"># entrée</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringVar</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"texte par défaut"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">entree</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">textvariable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">entree</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-input.png
Case à cocher
Les checkbox proposent à l'utilisateur de cocher une option.
<span class="c1"># checkbutton</span> <span class="n">bouton</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Checkbutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Nouveau?"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">bouton</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-checkbox.png
Boutons radio
Les boutons radio sont des cases à cocher qui sont dans un groupe et dans ce groupe seul un élément peut être sélectionné.
<span class="c1"># radiobutton</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringVar</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">bouton1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Radiobutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Oui"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">bouton2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Radiobutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Non"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">bouton3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Radiobutton</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Peu être"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">bouton1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">bouton2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">bouton3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
Les listes
Les listes permettent de récupérer une valeur sélectionnée par l'utilisateur.
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-list.png
<span class="c1"># liste</span> <span class="n">liste</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Listbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">liste</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Python"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">liste</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"PHP"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">liste</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"jQuery"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">liste</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"CSS"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">liste</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Javascript"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">liste</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
Canvas
Un canvas (toile, tableau en français) est un espace dans lequel vous pouvez dessiner ou écrire ce que vous voulez:
<span class="c1"># canvas</span> <span class="n">canvas</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">150</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'yellow'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">ligne1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">75</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">75</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">ligne2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">150</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">txt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">75</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Cible"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">font</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Arial 16 italic"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-canvas.png
Vous pouvez créer d'autres éléments:
<span class="n">create_arc</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">arc</span> <span class="n">de</span> <span class="n">cercle</span> <span class="n">create_bitmap</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">bitmap</span> <span class="n">create_image</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">image</span> <span class="n">create_line</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ligne</span> <span class="n">create_oval</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ovale</span> <span class="n">create_polygon</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">polygone</span> <span class="n">create_rectangle</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">rectangle</span> <span class="n">create_text</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">texte</span> <span class="n">create_window</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">fenetre</span>
Si vous voulez changer les coordonnées d'un élement crée dans le canevas, vous pouvez utiliser la méthode coords .
canvas.coords(élément, x0, y0, x1, y1)
Pour supprimer un élément vous pouvez utiliser la méthode delete
canvas.delete(élément)
Vous pouvez trouver d'autres méthodes utiles en exécutant l'instruction suivante:
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">())</span>
ou visitez la page suivante infohost
Scale
Le widget scale permet de récupérer une valeur numérique via un scroll
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DoubleVar</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">scale</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Scale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">variable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">scale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-scale.png
Frames
Les frames (cadres) sont des conteneurs qui permettent de séparer des éléments.
<span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'bg'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'white'</span> <span class="c1"># frame 1</span> <span class="n">Frame1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">GROOVE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Frame1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">LEFT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># frame 2</span> <span class="n">Frame2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">GROOVE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Frame2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">LEFT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># frame 3 dans frame 2</span> <span class="n">Frame3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Frame2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"white"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">GROOVE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Frame3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RIGHT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Ajout de labels</span> <span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Frame1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Frame 1"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Frame2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Frame 2"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Frame3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Frame 3"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">bg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"white"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-frame.png
PanedWindow
Le panedwindow est un conteneur qui peut contenir autant de panneaux que nécessaire disposé horizontalement ou verticalement.
<span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PanedWindow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orient</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">HORIZONTAL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">TOP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">expand</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Y</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fill</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">BOTH</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Volet 1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'blue'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">anchor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">CENTER</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Volet 2'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'white'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">anchor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">CENTER</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Volet 3'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">anchor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">CENTER</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
Spinbox
La spinbox propose à l'utilisateur de choisir un nombre
<span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Spinbox</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">from_</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-spinbox.png
LabelFrame
Le labelframe est un cadre avec un label.
<span class="n">l</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LabelFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Titre de la frame"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">l</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fill</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"both"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">expand</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"yes"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"A l'intérieure de la frame"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-labelframe.png
Les alertes
Pour pouvoir utiliser les alertes de votre os, vous pouvez importer le module tkMessageBox (Python 2).
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkMessageBox</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
Pour python 3:
from tkinter.messagebox import *
Exemple d'utilisation:
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">callback</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">askyesno</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Titre 1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Êtes-vous sûr de vouloir faire ça?'</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">showwarning</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Titre 2'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Tant pis...'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">showinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Titre 3'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Vous avez peur!'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">showerror</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Titre 4"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Aha"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Action'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">callback</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-dialog.png
Voici les alertes possibles:
showinfo() showwarning() showerror() askquestion() askokcancel() askyesno() askretrycancel()
Il est possible de créer une barre de menu comme-ceci:
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">alert</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">showinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"alerte"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Bravo!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menubar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Menu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Menu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">menubar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tearoff</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Créer"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">alert</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Editer"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">alert</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_separator</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">menu1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Quitter"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">quit</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menubar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_cascade</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Fichier"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">menu</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">menu1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Menu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">menubar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tearoff</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Couper"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">alert</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Copier"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">alert</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Coller"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">alert</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menubar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_cascade</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Editer"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">menu</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">menu2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Menu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">menubar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tearoff</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menu3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"A propos"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">alert</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">menubar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_cascade</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Aide"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">menu</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">menu3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">menu</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">menubar</span><span class="p">)</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-menu.png
Connaitre toutes les méthodes / options d'un widget
Pour cela il vous suffit d'exécuter la ligne suivante:
print dir(Button())
Les attributs standards
Il est possible de changer la valeur d'attributs présents sur les widgets
Placer des widgets
Il est possible de placer les widgets à l'aide du paramètre side :
<span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">TOP</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">haut</span> <span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">LEFT</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">gauche</span> <span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">BOTTOM</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">bas</span> <span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RIGHT</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">droite</span>
Exemple:
<span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">250</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'ivory'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">TOP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Bouton 1'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">LEFT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Bouton 2'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RIGHT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-side.png
Autre exemple:
<span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">250</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'ivory'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">LEFT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Bouton 1'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">TOP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Bouton 2'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">side</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">BOTTOM</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-side-bottom.png
Les unités de dimensions
Si vous indiquez une dimension à travers un integer, l'unité utilisée sera les "pixels". Il est cependant possible de changer l'unité:
i : pouces m : millimètre c : centimètre
Les options de dimensions
'''height''' : Hauteur du widget. '''width''' : Largeur du widget. '''padx, pady''' : Espace supplémentaire autour du widget. X pour horizontal et V pour vertical. '''borderwidth''' : Taille de la bordure. '''highlightthickness''' : Largeur du rectangle lorsque le widget a le focus. '''selectborderwidth''' : Largeur de la bordure tridimensionnel autour du widget sélectionné. '''wraplength''' : Nombre de ligne maximum pour les widget en mode "word wrapping".
Les options de couleurs
Il est possible d'indiquer une valeur de couleur par son nom en anglais: "white", "black", "red", "yellow", etc. ou par son code hexadécimale: #000000, #00FFFF, etc.
'''background (ou bg)''' : couleur de fond du widget. '''foreground (ou fg)''' : couleur de premier plan du widget. '''activebackground''' : couleur de fond du widget lorsque celui-ci est actif. '''activeForeground''' : couleur de premier plan du widget lorsque le widget est actif. '''disabledForeground''' : couleur de premier plan du widget lorsque le widget est désactivé. '''highlightbackground''' : Couleur de fond de la région de surbrillance lorsque le widget a le focus. '''highlightcolor''' : couleur de premier plan de la région en surbrillance lorsque le widget a le focus. '''selectbackground''' : Couleur de fond pour les éléments sélectionnés. '''selectforeground''' : couleur de premier plan pour les éléments sélectionnés.
Le curseur
Vous pouvez changer l'apparance de votre curseur:
<span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"arrow"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"arrow"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"circle"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"circle"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"clock"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"clock"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"cross"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"cross"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"dotbox"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"dotbox"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"exchange"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"exchange"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"fleur"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"fleur"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"heart"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"heart"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"man"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"man"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"mouse"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"mouse"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"pirate"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"pirate"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"plus"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"plus"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"shuttle"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"shuttle"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"sizing"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"sizing"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"spider"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"spider"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"spraycan"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"spraycan"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"star"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"star"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"target"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"target"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"tcross"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"tcross"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"trek"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"trek"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"watch"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"watch"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
Le relief
Vous pouvez changer le relief sur vos éléments:
<span class="n">FLAT</span> <span class="n">RAISED</span> <span class="n">SUNKEN</span> <span class="n">GROOVE</span> <span class="n">RIDGE</span>
<span class="n">b1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"FLAT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">FLAT</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">b2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"RAISED"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RAISED</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">b3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"SUNKEN"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SUNKEN</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">b4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"GROOVE"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">GROOVE</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">b5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"RIDGE"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">relief</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">RIDGE</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-relief.png
La grille
Il est possible de placer les éléments en raisonnant en grille:
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">ligne</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">colonne</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'L</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">-C</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ligne</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">colonne</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ligne</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">column</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">colonne</span><span class="p">)</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-grid.png
<span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'L1-C1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">column</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'L1-C2'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">column</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'L2-C3'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">column</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'L2-C4'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">column</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'L3-C3'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">borderwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">column</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-grid-2.png
Intégrer une image
Pour intégrer une image vous pouvez créer un canevas et l'ajouter à l'intérieur comme ceci:
<span class="n">photo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PhotoImage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"ma_photo.png"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">canvas</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">350</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_image</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">anchor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NW</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">photo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-image.png
Récupérer la valeur d'un input
Pour récupérer la valeur d'un input il vous faudra utiliser la méthode get() :
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">recupere</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">showinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Alerte"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">entree</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">value</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StringVar</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Valeur"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">entree</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Entry</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">textvariable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">entree</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">bouton</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Button</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Valider"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">recupere</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">bouton</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
Récupérer une image et l'afficher
Pour cela, vous devez importer le module suivant:
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">tkinter.filedialog</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">filepath</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">askopenfilename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Ouvrir une image"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">filetypes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">'png files'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'.png'</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="s1">'all files'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'.*'</span><span class="p">)])</span> <span class="n">photo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PhotoImage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">file</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">filepath</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">canvas</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">photo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">width</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">photo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">height</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">bg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"yellow"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_image</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">anchor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NW</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">image</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">photo</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
http://apprendre-python.com/images/tkinter-open-file.png
La fonction askopenfilename retourne le chemin du fichier que vous avez choisi avec le nom de celui-ci.
Exemple: /home/olivier/ma_photo.png
Récupérer un fichier texte et l'afficher
<span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">askopenfilename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Ouvrir votre document"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">filetypes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">'txt files'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'.txt'</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="s1">'all files'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'.*'</span><span class="p">)])</span> <span class="n">fichier</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"r"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">content</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fichier</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">fichier</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">Label</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">padx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pady</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
Les évènements
Vous pouvez récupérer les actions utilisateurs à travers les events (évènement en français).
Pour chaque widget, vous pouvez binder (lier en français) un évènement, par exemple dire lorsque l'utilisateur appuie sur telle touche, faire cela.
Voici un exemple qui récupère les touches appuyées par l'utilisateur:
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">clavier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">touche</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keysym</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">touche</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">500</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">focus_set</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"<Key>"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">clavier</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>
On remarque que l' évènement est encadré par des chevrons .
D'autres évènements existent:
<Button-1> : Click gauche <Button-2> : Click milieu <Button-3> : Click droit <Double-Button-1> : Double click droit <Double-Button-2> : Double click gauche <KeyPress> : Pression sur une touche <KeyPress-a> : Pression sur la touche '''A''' (minuscule) <KeyPress-A> : Pression sur la touche '''A''' (majuscule) <Return> : Pression sur la touche entrée <Escape> : Touche Echap <Up> : Pression sur la flèche directionnelle haut <Down> : Pression sur la flèche directionnelle bas <ButtonRelease> : Lorsque qu'on relache le click <Motion> : Mouvement de la souris <B1-Motion> : Mouvement de la souris avec click gauche <Enter> : Entrée du curseur dans un widget <Leave> : Sortie du curseur dans un widget <Configure> : Redimensionnement de la fenêtre <Map> <Unmap> : Ouverture et iconification de la fenêtre <MouseWheel> : Utilisation de la roulette
Pour supprimer la liasion de l'évènement vous pouvez utiliser les méthodes unbind ou unbind_all .
Voici un exemple où l'on peut bouger un carré avec les touches directionnelles:
<span class="c1"># fonction appellée lorsque l'utilisateur presse une touche</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">clavier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">coords</span>
<span class="n">touche</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keysym</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">touche</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"Up"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">coords</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">touche</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"Down"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">coords</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">touche</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"Right"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">coords</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">touche</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"Left"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">coords</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="c1"># changement de coordonnées pour le rectangle</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rectangle</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coords</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># création du canvas</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Canvas</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fenetre</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">250</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">250</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"ivory"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># coordonnées initiales</span>
<span class="n">coords</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># création du rectangle</span>
<span class="n">rectangle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_rectangle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">fill</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"violet"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># ajout du bond sur les touches du clavier</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">focus_set</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"<Key>"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">clavier</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># création du canvas</span>
<span class="n">canvas</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pack</span><span class="p">()</span>